Glossary of Basic Computer Terms: What to Know When Creating and Converting Documents

Understanding the language of computers and the Internet is essential in today's connected world. From everyday tools like browsers and email to technical concepts like encryption and operating systems, each term plays a role in how we use technology. Clear definitions can make these ideas more accessible, whether you're working, learning, or simply curious about technology.

Applet: An applet is a small Java program that can be downloaded and run within a Web browser that supports Java or ActiveX. Once downloaded, it runs on the user's computer and can provide interactive features, such as calculators or drawing tools.

Application: An application is a piece of software that performs specific tasks, such as writing documents, editing photos, or managing data. Applications are also referred to as programs.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): ASCII is a coding system that converts letters, numbers, and other characters into a numeric format that computers can understand and process using binary code.

Bandwidth: Bandwidth refers to the amount of data that can be transmitted over a network connection in a given amount of time. A higher bandwidth allows more data to be sent and received more quickly, which is especially important for Internet speed and performance.

Binary Code: Binary code is the language that computers use to represent all types of data using only two digits, which are 0 and 1. This system allows computers to interpret and process information as numbers, letters, or symbols.

Bit: A bit is the smallest unit of information used in computing and can have a value of either 0 or 1. The term "bit" is short for "binary digit."

Boot: To boot a computer means to start it up and load the operating system. A cold boot occurs when the computer is turned on from a completely powered-off state, while a warm boot happens when the computer restarts without being powered off.

Browser: A browser is a piece of software used to access and navigate websites on the Internet. Popular browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and Safari.

Bug: A bug is a flaw or error in a program that causes it to malfunction or produce incorrect results.

Byte: A byte is a group of eight bits and is commonly used to represent a single character of text or data in computing. For example, the word "cat" consists of three characters and would require three bytes.

Cache: A cache is a small, high-speed memory area used to store frequently accessed data so that it can be retrieved more quickly. Web browsers use caches to store recently visited pages to reduce loading times when revisiting them.

CAD-CAM (Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing): CAD-CAM refers to the use of computer systems to design products and control manufacturing processes. These systems generate precise instructions that can be used by machines such as robots or laser cutters in industries like automotive or sign production.

CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory): A CD-ROM is a type of optical disc that stores data, such as music, software, or reference materials, that can be read by a computer but not rewritten. A standard CD-ROM can store approximately 640 megabytes of data.

CGI (Common Gateway Interface or Computer-Generated Imagery): In Web development, CGI refers to a standard that allows users to input information into a form, which can then interact with a database and return results on a Web page. In media, CGI stands for computer-generated imagery, which is used to create visual effects in movies and animations.

Chat: Chat refers to typing messages in real time to communicate with one or more people over the Internet or a local network.

Chip: A chip is a tiny piece of silicon containing complex electronic circuits that can store and process large amounts of information. It is used in computers and many electronic devices.

Client: A client is a computer or user that accesses services or resources from a central server on a network. In a client-server setup, the server manages the main data while the client interacts with it through a smaller interface.

Cookie: A cookie is a small text file that a website stores on a user's computer. It sends information back to the website, such as user preferences, login details, or browsing activity.

CPU (Central Processing Unit): The CPU is the main processor of a computer and is responsible for executing instructions and managing tasks. It is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer.

Cracker: A cracker is someone who breaks into computer systems or networks without permission, often to cause harm or steal information.

Crash: A crash occurs when a program or computer system suddenly stops working due to a hardware failure or software error. In some cases, it can lead to data loss or damage to the system.

Cursor: The cursor is a visual indicator on the screen that shows where the next action, such as typing or clicking, will occur.

Cyberspace: Cyberspace is an informal term that describes the virtual environment of the Internet. It includes all of the connected computer networks and the digital communication that takes place between users around the world.

Database: A database is a collection of related information stored electronically in a structured format. It is often managed by software called a database management system, which allows users to search, sort, and update the information.

Debug: To debug means to find and fix problems or errors in a computer program or system.

Default: A default is a preset option or value that a system or application uses unless the user changes it to something else.

Desktop: The desktop is the main screen area of a computer where icons, files, and application shortcuts are displayed. It serves as a starting point for accessing programs and folders.

Desktop Publishing: Desktop publishing is the process of using a computer and specialized software to create professional-quality printed materials, such as brochures, flyers, or newsletters, by combining text, images, and design.

Directory: A directory is a location on a computer where files and other directories are stored. It helps organize data in a structured way.

Disk: A disk is a device used to store digital information. A hard disk is a rigid, high-capacity storage device usually found inside a computer. A floppy disk is a smaller, removable storage device that holds less data and is mostly outdated. Zip disks were once used as an intermediate option with more storage than floppy disks.

Disk Drive: A disk drive is the hardware component that reads and writes data to a disk.

Domain: A domain is a group of IP addresses used to identify and organize online resources. It appears in Web addresses and email addresses and includes suffixes like .com, .org, or .edu that indicate the type or purpose of the domain. Domain names are unique and help direct Internet traffic to the correct server.

Domain Name: A domain name is the readable address of a website or server on the Internet. It consists of a chosen name and a suffix, such as "example.com," and it maps to a specific IP address. Each domain name is registered and must be unique.

Download: To download means to transfer a file from the Internet or another remote system onto your own computer or device.

DOS (Disk Operating System): DOS is an early operating system that uses text commands to run programs and manage files. It was commonly used on early IBM-compatible personal computers.

Drop-Down Menu: A drop-down menu is a list of options that appears below a menu title when selected. It allows users to choose from several related commands within a program.

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): DSL is a type of Internet connection that uses regular telephone lines to transmit data at higher speeds than dial-up without interrupting phone calls.

DVD (Digital Video Disc): A DVD is an optical disc used to store large amounts of data, including high-quality video and audio as well as software and other digital content.

E-Book: An e-book is a digital version of a book that can be read on electronic devices such as tablets, smartphones, e-readers, or computers.

Email (Electronic Mail): Email is a system for sending and receiving messages electronically between computers or devices connected to a network, including text, attachments, and links.

Emoticon: An emoticon is a facial expression created using keyboard characters to represent emotions in digital communication. For example, :) represents a smile and :( represents a frown.

Encryption: Encryption is the process of converting data into a scrambled code to prevent unauthorized access. Only authorized users with the correct key can decode and read the information.

Ethernet: Ethernet is a widely used method of connecting computers in a local area network using physical cables to transfer data.

Ethernet Card: An Ethernet card is a hardware component installed in a computer that allows it to connect to a network through an Ethernet cable.

File: A file is a digital container that stores information, such as a document, image, video, or software, on a computer or other device.

Firewall: A firewall is a security system that monitors and controls data moving between a computer or network and the Internet. It acts as a barrier that helps prevent unauthorized access, blocks potentially harmful traffic, and protects systems from viruses, hackers, and other threats. Firewalls can be implemented through software, hardware, or a combination of both.

Folder: A folder is a digital space used to organize and store files on a computer. It can also contain subfolders for better organization.

Font: A font is a specific style and size of text used in documents, websites, and applications.

Freeware: Freeware is software that is available for use at no cost. It's typically distributed by developers who want to share their programs with others without charging a fee.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol): FTP is a standard method for transferring files from one computer to another over the Internet or a network.

Gigabyte (GB): A gigabyte is a unit of digital storage equal to 1,024 megabytes. It's commonly used to measure the size of files or storage devices.

Glitch: A glitch is a temporary problem or malfunction in software or hardware that causes something to behave unexpectedly.

Gopher: Gopher is an early Internet tool that allowed users to access text-based information through menus before Web browsers became common.

GUI (Graphical User Interface): A GUI is a visual interface that allows users to interact with a computer by clicking on icons, buttons, and menus rather than typing commands.

Groupware: Groupware is software that enables people working on the same network to collaborate on shared documents, databases, or projects in real time.

Hacker: A hacker is a person with advanced computer skills who explores or manipulates computer systems. Some hackers work to improve systems, while others may try to access networks without permission.

Hard Copy: A hard copy is a printed version of digital content, such as a document or image that has been transferred from a computer to paper.

Hard Drive: A hard drive is a storage device inside a computer that holds operating systems, applications, and files permanently or until they're deleted.

Hardware: Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer system, including the monitor, keyboard, mouse, processor, memory, and storage devices.

Home Page: A home page is the main or starting page of a website. It typically provides an overview and links to other sections of the site.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): HTML is the coding language used to structure and format content on Web pages. It tells Web browsers how to display elements like text, images, and links.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): HTTP is the communication protocol used to request and deliver Web content from a server to a browser. It appears at the beginning of most Web addresses.

HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure): HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP that encrypts data transferred between a browser and a website, providing added security for sensitive information.

Hyperlink: A hyperlink is a clickable piece of text or image on a Web page that connects to another page or website.

Hypermedia: Hypermedia refers to content that combines text with other media, such as audio, video, or images, and uses links to connect these elements.

Hypertext: Hypertext is a system of text-based links that allows users to navigate between different documents or sections of a Web page.

Input: Input is any data or information that is entered into a computer using devices such as a keyboard, mouse, microphone, or touchscreen.

Input Device: An input device is a piece of hardware used to enter data into a computer. Examples include keyboards, mice, microphones, and drawing tablets.

Instant Messaging (IM): Instant messaging is a form of online communication where users can exchange text messages in real time using apps or chat platforms.

Interface: An interface is the point of interaction between a user and a computer system or between different software or hardware components. Interfaces can be physical, like cables, or digital, like menus and icons.

Internet: The Internet is a global network of connected computers that allows people to share information, communicate, and access websites and services. It began as a research project in the 1960s and now supports email, social media, streaming, and other tools used in daily life.

IP Address (Internet Protocol Address): An IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network. It helps computers find and communicate with each other online. IP addresses usually appear as a series of numbers separated by periods, such as 192.168.1.1.

Java: Java is a programming language that is commonly used to create interactive applications for websites. It allows small programs called applets to run inside a Web browser.

JavaScript: JavaScript is a programming language used to add interactivity to websites. It can control things like forms, menus, and animations on a Web page.

Kilobyte (KB): A kilobyte is a unit of digital storage equal to 1,024 bytes. It is often used to measure the size of small text files or images.

Linux: Linux is a free and open-source operating system based on Unix. It is used on personal computers, servers, and many other devices. Developers can view, modify, and share the source code, which makes Linux highly customizable.

Laptop/Notebook: A laptop or notebook is a portable computer with a built-in screen, keyboard, and battery. It is designed for mobile use and can perform the same functions as a desktop computer.

MacOS: MacOS is the operating system developed by Apple for Macintosh computers. It provides a graphical user interface and is known for its ease of use and visual design.

Macro: A macro is a small program that automates a series of actions or commands, often used to perform repetitive tasks in applications like spreadsheets or word processors.

Megabyte (MB): A megabyte is a unit of digital storage equal to 1,048,576 bytes. It is commonly used to describe the size of files such as documents, images, and music tracks.

Menu: A menu is a list of commands or options that a user can select within a program or application.

Menu Bar: A menu bar is a horizontal strip at the top of a window that contains menu options such as File, Edit, or View, which provide access to different functions.

Merge: To merge means to combine two or more files, documents, or sets of data into a single file.

Megahertz (MHz): Megahertz is a unit that measures processing speed or signal frequency. In computing, one megahertz equals one million cycles per second, and this unit is often used to describe a computer's clock speed.

Microprocessor: A microprocessor is a small chip that functions as the central processing unit of a computer. It carries out instructions and processes data.

Minimize: To minimize a window means to shrink it down so that it is no longer visible on the screen, usually sending it to the taskbar or dock while the program continues running.

Modem: A modem is a device that allows a computer to send and receive data over telephone or cable lines by converting digital signals into audio signals and back again.

Monitor: A monitor is a screen that displays information from the computer, including text, images, and video.

Mouse: A mouse is a handheld device that moves a pointer on the screen. It allows users to click, drag, and interact with on-screen elements.

MP3: MP3 is a digital file format used to compress and store audio files. It reduces file size while keeping sound quality high enough for music and spoken word.

Multimedia: Multimedia refers to content that includes a combination of text, images, audio, video, and animation, often used in presentations and educational software.

MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System): MS-DOS is an early operating system developed by Microsoft that uses typed commands to run programs and manage files.

Network: A network is a group of connected computers that can share resources such as files, printers, and Internet access.

Open Source: Open source refers to software that has its source code made available to the public. Users can inspect, modify, and distribute the code, allowing for collaboration and continuous improvement.

Operating System: An operating system is the core software that controls a computer's hardware and allows programs to run. It manages tasks like file storage, user interface, and resource allocation. Examples include Windows, macOS, Linux, and Unix.

Output: Output refers to any data that a computer sends out, such as text displayed on a monitor, sound from speakers, or printed documents.

PC Board (Printed Circuit Board): A PC board is a flat board that holds electronic components and circuits. It connects parts like memory, processors, and connectors inside a computer.

PDA (Personal Digital Assistant): A PDA is a portable electronic device used for managing personal information such as appointments, contacts, and notes.

PDF (Portable Document Format): A PDF is a file format developed by Adobe that preserves the layout and design of a document. It allows users to view, share, and print documents exactly as intended on any device.

Pentium Chip: A Pentium chip is a high-speed microprocessor developed by Intel. It was widely used in personal computers during the 1990s and early 2000s.

Peripheral: A peripheral device is any external piece of hardware that connects to a computer to add functionality. These devices allow users to input data, receive output, or store information. Common examples include printers, keyboards, mice, external hard drives, scanners, and speakers. Peripheral devices can be connected through ports such as USB or wirelessly using technologies like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi.

Personal Computer (PC): A personal computer is a standalone computing device intended for use by one person. It contains a central processing unit, memory, and storage for running programs and managing files.

Petabyte (PB): A petabyte is a unit of digital storage equal to about one thousand terabytes. It is commonly used to describe data capacity in large data centers.

Petaflop: A petaflop is a unit of computing speed equal to one quadrillion floating-point operations per second. It is used to measure the power of supercomputers.

Plug and Play: Plug and play refers to technology that allows devices to work with a computer as soon as they are connected, without the need for manual configuration or additional software installation.

Pop-Up Menu: A pop-up menu is a menu that appears on the screen in response to user actions such as a right-click, showing context-sensitive options.

PowerPC: PowerPC is a type of processor developed through a collaboration between Apple, IBM, and Motorola. It was used in older Macintosh computers before Apple transitioned to Intel processors.

Printer: A printer is a device that produces a physical copy of digital content from a computer. Common types include dot matrix, inkjet, and laser printers, each using different technology to apply ink or toner to paper.

Program: A program is a set of instructions written in a programming language that tells a computer how to perform a specific task. Programs are also called software or applications.

Programming Language: A programming language is a structured set of rules used to write software. Examples include Python, Java, C++, and BASIC. These languages are translated into machine code so the computer can execute the instructions.

Push Technology: Push technology is a system that automatically delivers content, such as news or updates, to a user's device without the user needing to search for it manually.

QuickTime: QuickTime is multimedia software developed by Apple that allows users to play audio and video files. It is commonly used for watching movies or video clips on computers.

RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks): RAID is a method of storing data across multiple hard drives to improve performance and provide a backup in case of failure. It uses techniques such as striping, which splits data across drives, and mirroring, which creates exact copies on separate drives.

RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM is a type of temporary memory that stores data and program instructions while a computer is running. Data stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.

Right-Click: Right-clicking is the action of pressing the right mouse button to open a menu of context-specific options related to the item selected.

ROM (Read-Only Memory): ROM is a type of permanent memory built into a computer. It contains essential instructions that the computer uses during startup.

Scanner: A scanner is a device that captures images or text from physical documents and converts them into digital files that can be stored, edited, or shared.

Search Engine: A search engine is a website that helps users to find information on the Internet. It works by scanning and indexing Web pages, then providing a list of results based on the keywords entered by the user. Examples of search engines include Google, Bing, and Yahoo, each of which uses its own algorithms to rank and display relevant content.

Server: A server is a computer that provides data, services, or resources to other computers, known as clients, over a network.

Shareware: Shareware is software that is distributed for free on a trial basis. Users are encouraged to try it and then pay if they continue to use it.

Software: Software refers to the programs and operating systems that run on a computer and perform tasks. Software includes applications, utilities, and games.

Spider: A spider is a program used by search engines to scan websites and gather data to include in search engine indexes.

Spreadsheet: A spreadsheet is a digital tool for organizing and calculating numbers using a grid of rows and columns. It is commonly used in accounting, budgeting, and data analysis.

Storage: Storage refers to the devices or media used to save digital information. Examples include hard drives, solid-state drives, flash drives, CDs, DVDs, and cloud-based systems.

Streaming: Streaming is the continuous delivery of audio or video content from a source over the Internet, allowing users to watch or listen without downloading the entire file first.

Stylus and Tablet: A stylus and tablet is an input system where a pen-shaped stylus is used to draw or write on a pressure-sensitive tablet. The tablet converts this input into digital signals for the computer.

Surfing: Surfing refers to browsing or exploring websites and content across the Internet, often by clicking links from one page to the next.

Surge Protector: A surge protector is a device that protects electronic equipment from sudden spikes in electrical voltage, which can damage components.

Telnet: Telnet is a network protocol used to access another computer remotely through a command-line interface.

Terabyte (TB): A terabyte is a unit of digital storage equal to 1,024 gigabytes. It is used to measure large amounts of data.

Teraflop: A teraflop is a unit of computing speed that represents one trillion floating-point operations per second. It is used to measure the power of high-performance computers.

Trackball: A trackball is an input device that controls the cursor on a screen by rotating a ball with your fingers. It is a stationary alternative to a mouse.

Trojan Horse: A Trojan horse is a type of malicious software that appears to be harmless, such as a game or utility, but actually performs harmful actions on a computer once it is installed.

UNIX: UNIX is a powerful, multi-user operating system that is widely used on servers, workstations, and some personal computers. It is known for its stability and security.

Upload: To upload means to transfer files from a local device to a remote system, such as sending a photo from your computer to a website.

UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply): A UPS is a backup power device that provides temporary electricity to a computer during a power outage, allowing the user to save their work and shut down safely.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A URL is the Web address of a specific page or file on the Internet. It typically includes the protocol, domain name, and path to the resource.

USB (Universal Serial Bus): USB is a standard connection type used to attach devices like keyboards, flash drives, and printers to a computer.

USENET: USENET is an early Internet system consisting of newsgroups where users can post messages and discuss topics ranging from science to entertainment.

User-Friendly: A user-friendly program or device is one that is easy to understand and operate, especially for people without technical experience.

Video Teleconferencing: Video teleconferencing is a method of holding a live, face-to-face meeting between people in different locations using webcams and Internet connections.

Virtual Reality (VR): Virtual reality is a computer-generated simulation that allows users to experience and interact with a three-dimensional environment. This experience often requires special equipment, such as a headset and gloves or motion controllers, which track movements and create a sense of physical presence in the virtual world. Virtual reality is used in gaming, education, training, design, and other applications where immersive environments are helpful.

Virus: A virus is a type of malicious software that can copy itself and spread to other computers. It can damage or delete files and interfere with system functions. Examples include boot viruses, file viruses, macro viruses, Trojan horses, and worms.

WAV: WAV is a digital audio file format used to store high-quality sound on a computer.

Webcam: A webcam is a digital camera that connects to a computer and captures video, which can be streamed or recorded for use in video calls or recordings.

Window: A window is a rectangular area on a computer screen that displays the contents of a program or file. Users can move, resize, minimize, or close windows as needed.

Word Processor: A word processor is software used to write, edit, and format text documents. It often includes features such as spellcheck, page layout, and text styling.

World Wide Web (WWW): The World Wide Web is a collection of interlinked Web pages and resources that are accessed through the Internet. It uses hyperlinks, browsers, and Web servers to deliver content such as text, images, and video.

Worm: A worm is a type of virus that spreads by copying itself and sending those copies to other systems, usually over a network or through email.

WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get): WYSIWYG refers to software that displays content on screen exactly as it will appear when printed or published, such as in word processors or Web editors.

Additional Resources

• What Is a Computer?
• Basic Computer Terms
• 23 Computer Science Terms Every Aspiring Developer Should Know
• IT Glossary and Tech Tools for Kids
• Convert Any Document to a PDF
• Computer Fundamentals Tutorial
• Turn Word Documents Into PDFs
• Basic Computer Hardware: Learn the Essentials
• Computer Basics
• Computer Science Skills: Definitions and Examples
• PDF to Word Converter
• Working With Files and Folders

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